FOCUS QUESTIONS
1. What is Juvenile Justice?
2(a). How does the Juvenile Justice System work?
2(b). How does it differ in New York from other States?
3. What are some issues currently impacting our existing Juvenile Justice System?
4. What can be done to improve our Juvenile Justice System?
5. What risk factors or traits can contribute to a youth becoming a juvenile offender?
6. Should young offenders be tried as adults for serious crimes?
7. What are the future mental and socio-economic implications of young offenders serving time as an adult in prison?
8. What are some of the statistics on young offenders in the justice system and what are its implications?
9. What types of assistance should be provided to young offenders to reduce recidivism?
10. What kind of prevention and early intervention services should be available to help stop at-risk youth from entering the Adult/ Juvenile justice system?
11. How can you help/get involved in preventing at-risk youth from committing crimes and entering the justice system?
LINKS
1. What is Juvenile Justice?
US Legal:
https://definitions.uslegal.com/j/juvenile-justice/
Legal Information Institute:
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/juvenile_justice
Youth.Gov:
http://youth.gov/youth-topics/juvenile-justice
Juvenile Law Center:
http://jlc.org/news-room/media-resources/youth-justice-system-overview
JB Learning:
http://www.jblearning.com/samples/0763736287/Chapter_02.pdf
2(a). How does the Juvenile Justice System work?
Reclaiming Futures:
http://reclaimingfutures.org/blog/2012/02/29/inside-juvenile-justice-system/
The American Prospect:
http://prospect.org/article/reforming-juvenile-justice
NY Courts:
https://www.nycourts.gov/ip/juvenile-justice/courtinitiatives.shtml
Juvenile Law Center:
http://jlc.org/news-room/media-resources/youth-justice-system-overview
NOLO:
http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/juvenile-court-overview-32222.html
http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/juvenile-delinquency-what-happens-typical-case-32223.html
US Department of Justice (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention):
https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/structure_process/overview.html
https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/structure_process/case.html
https://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/reform/ch2_k.html
Prison Fellowship:
https://www.prisonfellowship.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Juvenile-Justice-Overview-handout.pdf
Find Law:
http://criminal.findlaw.com/juvenile-justice/juvenile-court-procedure.html
http://criminal.findlaw.com/juvenile-justice/what-to-expect-juvenile-court-chronology.html
http://criminal.findlaw.com/juvenile-justice/how-do-juvenile-proceedings-differ-from-adult-criminal-proceeding.html
National Juvenile Defender Center:
http://njdc.info/flow-chart-of-the-juvenile-court-process/
2(b). How does it differ in New York from other States?
NYC Administration for Children’s Services:
https://www1.nyc.gov/site/acs/justice/juvenile-justice-process.page
https://www1.nyc.gov/site/acs/justice/detention.page
The raise the age NY:
http://raisetheageny.com/get-the-facts
New York Times:
https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/15/opinion/juvenile-justice-in-new-york.html?_r=0
NY Crime Commission:
http://www.nycrimecommission.org/pdfs/GuideToJuvenileJusticeInNYC.pdf
Network for Youth Success:
http://networkforyouthsuccess.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Youth-Justice-Overview-Final.pdf
CBS News:
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/theyre-not-adults-ny-seeks-new-approach-to-juvenile-justice/
National Center for State Courts:
http://www.ncsc.org/Topics/Children-Families-and-Elders/Juvenile-Justice-and-Delinquency/State-Links.aspx
South Carolina Department of Juvenile Justice:
http://www.state.sc.us/djj/process.php
State Attorney’s Office of Florida:
http://www.sao2fl.org/Juvenile_Justice_System.htm
Texas Juvenile Justice Department:
http://www.tjjd.texas.gov/about/overview.aspx
3. What are some issues currently impacting our existing Juvenile Justice System?
American Bar Association:
https://www.americanbar.org/newsletter/publications/gp_solo_magazine_home/gp_solo_magazine_index/juveniledelinquency.html
Coalition for Juvenile Justice:
http://juvjustice.org/sites/default/files/resource-files/FINAL%20RCP%20Problems%20%20Solutions_08%2013%2013.pdf
Think Progress:
https://thinkprogress.org/how-to-spell-out-all-the-problems-of-juvenile-justice-in-five-minutes-88cbac2a9919/
Justice Policy:
http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/06-11_rep_dangersofdetention_jj.pdf
Education Week:
http://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2014/04/17/29justice.h33.html
The Sentencing Project:
http://www.sentencingproject.org/publications/juvenile-life-without-parole/
http://www.sentencingproject.org/issues/juvenile-justice/
American Civil Liberties Union:
https://www.aclu.org/issues/juvenile-justice#current
Rolling Stone:
http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/trying-to-fix-americas-broken-juvenile-justice-system-20150122
Vera Institute of Justice:
https://www.vera.org/centers/center-on-youth-justice/learn-more
The Marshall Project:
https://www.themarshallproject.org/2015/03/24/the-worst-state-for-kids-up-against-the-law#.MVQX6kelL
Fair Sentencing of Youth:
http://fairsentencingofyouth.org/the-issue/crime-and-safety/
New York Times:
https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/21/opinion/the-next-juvenile-justice-reform.html
4. What can be done to improve our Juvenile Justice System?
Juvenile Detention Association of New York State:
https://www.jdanys.org/position-papers/5-raise-the-age
Center for Juvenile Justice Reform:
http://cjjr.georgetown.edu/our-work/jjsip/
Juvenile Justice:
http://jjie.org/2017/04/10/new-york-state-resolves-to-raise-the-age-for-juvenile-court-proceedings/
http://jjie.org/2012/07/19/eight-ways-improve-juvenile-justice-programs/
The raise the age NY:
http://raisetheageny.com/get-the-facts
New York Times:
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/14/us/states-move-to-treat-17-year-old-offenders-as-juveniles.html
Saint Joseph’s University:
http://online.sju.edu/graduate/masters-criminal-justice/resources/articles/improving-effectiveness-of-juvenile-justice-program
Campaign for Youth Justice:
http://www.campaignforyouthjustice.org/news/blog/item/2015-state-legislative-sessions-an-update-on-nationwide-juvenile-justice-reforms-to-protect-youth-from-the-adult-criminal-justice-system
Justice Center:
https://csgjusticecenter.org/youth/posts/improving-outcomes-for-youth-in-the-juvenile-justice-system/
Coalition for Juvenile Justice:
http://www.juvjustice.org/blog/828
National Juvenile Justice Network:
http://www.njjn.org/our-work/improving-education-for-youth-in-juvenile-justice-snapshot
5. What risk factors or traits can contribute to a youth becoming a juvenile offender?
National Collaborative on Workforce and Disability:
http://www.ncwd-youth.info/information-brief-25
National Center for Biotechnology Information:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44293/
US Department of Justice (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention):
https://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/jvr/1.html
https://www.ojjdp.gov/mpg/litreviews/Risk%20Factors.pdf
National Criminal Justice Reference Service:
https://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/jjjournal_2003_2/page3.html
Us Department of Justice (Office of Justice Programs):
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/frd030127.pdf
Psychology IResearch:
https://psychology.iresearchnet.com/forensic-psychology/juvenile-offenders/
Thomas Jefferson University:
http://jdc.jefferson.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1433&context=jeffjpsychiatry
National Institute of Corrections:
https://info.nicic.gov/dtg/node/10
The National Archives UK:
http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130323015010/https://www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/RR545.pdf
Youth.Gov:
http://youth.gov/youth-topics/juvenile-justice/risk-and-protective-factors
Regis University:
http://criminology.regis.edu/criminology-programs/resources/crim-articles/contributing-factors-to-juvenile-crime
Parenting Teens:
http://www.parentingteens.com/risk-factors-for-juvenile-delinquency/
Public Safety Canada:
https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2013-mjr-risk-fctrs-ntscl/index-en.aspx
6. Should young offenders be tried as adults for serious crimes?
PBS:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/why-states-are-changing-course-on-juvenile-crime/
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/stats/kidslikeadults.html
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/
American Bar Association:
https://www.americanbar.org/publications/litigation-committees/childrens-rights/articles/2016/should-juveniles-be-charged-as-adults.html
ABC News:
http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/life-prison-juvenile-offenders-adult-courts/story?id=11129594
NY Times:
https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/06/05/when-to-punish-a-young-offender-and-when-to-rehabilitate/adult-punishments-for-juveniles
https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2012/06/05/when-to-punish-a-young-offender-and-when-to-rehabilitate/the-race-factor-in-trying-juveniles-as-adults
https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/26/opinion/how-to-reduce-crime-stop-charging-children-as-adults.html?_r=0
Vanderbilt Law School:
https://law.vanderbilt.edu/news/should-juveniles-be-tried-as-adults/
Flow Psychology:
https://flowpsychology.com/10-pros-and-cons-of-juveniles-being-tried-as-adults/
Equal Justice Initiative:
https://eji.org/children-prison
NOLO:
http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/juveniles-youth-adult-criminal-court-32226.html
Campaign for Youth Justice:
https://www.campaignforyouthjustice.org/documents/KeyYouthCrimeFacts.pdf
http://www.campaignforyouthjustice.org/research/resources/category/youth-in-adult-court
Office of Justice Programs:
https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tp&tid=236
The Marshall Project:
https://www.themarshallproject.org/2015/06/18/what-s-justice-for-kids-who-kill#.zONr5yJCT
7.What are the future mental and socio-economic implications of young offenders serving time as an adult in prison?
Justice Policy:
http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/06-11_rep_dangersofdetention_jj.pdf
US Department of Justice:
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/178256.pdf
Juvenile Justice:
http://jjie.org/hub/mental-health-and-substance-abuse/key-issues/
Vox CEPR’S Policy Portal:
http://voxeu.org/article/what-long-term-impact-incarcerating-juveniles
Odyssey:
https://www.theodysseyonline.com/the-effects-of-incarceration-on-the-youth
Journalist’s Resource:
https://journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-justice/juvenile-incarceration-long-term-consequences
Illinois Wesleyan University Digital Commons:
http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1449&context=parkplace
Shared Justice:
http://www.sharedjustice.org/domestic-justice/2016/8/8/the-mental-health-crisis-in-our-juvenile-detention-centers
Our Everday Life:
http://oureverydaylife.com/effects-incarceration-teens-17499.html
International Journal of Environmental; Research and Public Health:
Underwood, L. A., & Washington, A. (2016). Mental Illness and Juvenile Offenders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(2), 228. http://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020228
Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health:
Ng, I. Y. H., Shen, X., Sim, H., Sarri, R. C., Stoffregen, E., & Shook, J. J. (2011). Incarcerating Juveniles in Adult Prisons as a Factor in Depression. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, CBMH, 21(1), 21–34. http://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.783
8. What are some of the statistics on young offenders in the justice system and what are its implications?
US Department of Justice (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention):
https://www.ojjdp.gov/ojstatbb/crime/faqs.asp
PBS:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/stats/
Campaign for Youth Justice:
https://cfyj.org/images/factsheets/KeyYouthCrimeFactsJune72016final.pd
NYS Division of Criminal Justice Services:
http://www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/ofpa/jj/jj-index.htm
Juvenile Justice:
http://www.jjgps.org/new-york
National Institute of Justice:
https://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/Pages/delinquency-to-adult-offending.aspx
Youth.Gov:
http://youth.gov/youth-topics/juvenile-justice/youth-involved-juvenile-justice-system
Act 4 Juvenile Justice:
https://www.act4jj.org/sites/default/files/ckfinder/files/ACT4JJ%20Youth%20In%20Adult%20System%20Fact%20Sheet%20Aug%202014%20FINAL.pdf
9. What types of assistance should be provided to young offenders to reduce recidivism?
NYC Administration for Children’s Services:
https://www1.nyc.gov/site/acs/justice/close-home.page
New York State Office of Children and Family Services:
http://ocfs.ny.gov/main/rehab/
The Children’s Aid Society:
http://www.childrensaidsociety.org/juvenile-justice
FBI:
https://leb.fbi.gov/2016/october/restorative-justice-and-youthful-offenders
Justice Center (The Council of State Governments):
https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/Transitional-Age-Brief.pdf
https://csgjusticecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Core-Principles-for-Reducing-Recidivism-and-Improving-Other-Outcomes-for-Youth-in-the-Juvenile-Justice-System.pdf
Michigan Youth Violence Prevention Center:
http://yvpc.sph.umich.edu/exploring-rehabilitation-programs-juvenile-criminal-offenders/
Western Oregon University:
file:///C:/Users/ameen/Downloads/PDF_A%20Effective%20Strategies%20for%20Preventing%20Recidivism%20Among%20Juveniles.pdf
Colorado Department of Public Safety:
https://cdpsdocs.state.co.us/ccjj/Resources/Ref/WhatWorks2008.pdf
US Department of Education:
https://www.ed.gov/jjreentry
Models of Change:
http://www.modelsforchange.net/publications/640
Juvenile Justice:
http://jjie.org/2014/03/17/to-reduce-juvenile-recidivism-at-rikers-new-york-city-bets-on-able/
Connecticut House Democrats:
http://www2.housedems.ct.gov/Walker/jjpoc/pubs/Tools/Transitional-Age_Youth_Brief.pdf
Criminal Justice and Behavior:
Luong, J. D., & Wormith, S. (2011). Applying risk/need assessment to Probation practice and its impact on the recidivism of young offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 1177-1199. http://dx.doi.org 10.1177/0093854811421596
10. What kind of prevention and early intervention services should be available to help stop at-risk youth from entering the Adult/ Juvenile justice system?
PBS:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/juvenile/bench/whatittakes.html
NYC Administration for Children’s Services:
https://www1.nyc.gov/site/acs/justice/family-assessment-program.page
The New York Foundling Hospital:
https://www.nyfoundling.org/program/juvenile-justice/
Youth.Gov:
http://youth.gov/youth-topics/juvenile-justice/prevention-and-early-intervention
National Criminal Justice Reference Service:
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/186162.pdf
National Conference of State Legislatures:
http://www.ncsl.org/documents/cj/jjguidebook-delinquency.pdf
Inquiries Journal:
http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/165/preventing-juvenile-delinquency-early-intervention-and-comprehensiveness-as-critical-factors
Social Solutions:
http://www.socialsolutions.com/blog/delinquency-prevention/
The National Academic Press:
https://www.nap.edu/read/9747/chapter/6
New York State (Division of Criminal Justice Services):
http://www.criminaljustice.ny.gov/ofpa/juvdelprevfactsheet.htm
US Department of Justice (Office of Justice Programs):
https://www.ojjdp.gov/programs/index.html
Suffolk County Sheriff’s Office:
http://www.suffolkcountyny.gov/sheriff/PressReleases/tabid/909/ctl/details/itemid/2299/mid/1989/suffolks-jail-tours-offer-at-risk-youth-a-dose-of-reality.aspx
11. How can you help/get involved in preventing at-risk youth from committing crimes and entering the justice system?
Children’s Defense Fund:
http://www.childrensdefense.org/policy/justice/?referrer=https://www.google.com/
US Department of Justice (Office of Justice Programs):
https://www.ojjdp.gov/action/sec4.htm
Edutopia:
https://www.edutopia.org/strategies-help-at-risk-students
Education-Post:
http://educationpost.org/5-ways-we-can-help-at-risk-youth-graduate-from-high-school/
American Psychological Association:
http://www.apa.org/monitor/2012/02/at-risk-students.aspx